Sources

Berg Insight, Fleet Management in Europe, 20th edition — 18.1 million active systems end-2024 (26.7 %), 30.5 million by 2029 (42.8 %); 44.4 million commercial vehicles in use in the EU25+3 in 2023 (release 12 January 2026)

Berg Insight, Fleet Management in the Americas — 19.2 million active systems in North America end-2024, 33.2 million by 2029, 11.6 % a year

Transport Topics, 21 June 2022 — the history of trucking telematics; about 3 million trucks on electronic logs by 2022; the ELD mandate of December 2017

Road Safety Authority (Ireland) — smart tachograph version 2: retrofit by 18 August 2025; light commercial vehicles from 1 July 2026

Regulation (EU) 2024/1610 of 14 May 2024 (the CO₂ standards for heavy-duty vehicles), Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 2024/1610, 6 June 2024 (read through the EU Publications Office) — Article 1(4), inserting Article 3a(1) into Regulation (EU) 2019/1242: the average CO₂ emissions of the Union fleet of new heavy-duty vehicles are reduced, against 2019, by 45 % for 2030–2034, 65 % for 2035–2039 and 90 % from 2040

IEA, Global EV Outlook 2025 — trucks: more than 90 000 electric trucks sold in 2024, up about 80 %; more than 10 000 in Europe

UN News, "UN sounds alarm over rising demands on water resources as scarcity increases", 12 December 2025 — FAO AQUASTAT 2025: agriculture takes 72 % of freshwater withdrawals; 66 countries above 75 %; in five countries over 90 % of cultivated land is equipped with irrigation

FAO, drought portal — irrigated agriculture about four-fifths of global withdrawals; irrigated share of cropped area 42 % in South Asia, 4 % in Africa

IEA, Tracking Report: Buildings, 30 September 2022 — 30 % of global final energy consumption, 27 % of energy-sector emissions (2021)

Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of 24 April 2024 (the recast EPBD), Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 2024/1275, 8 May 2024 (ELI data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1275/oj, read through the EU Publications Office) — Article 13(9): non-residential buildings with an effective rated output for heating, air-conditioning or combined ventilation systems of over 290 kW are to be equipped with building automation and control systems by 31 December 2024, and over 70 kW by 31 December 2029, where technically and economically feasible; Article 35(1): transposition by 29 May 2026

GSMA, Mobile Net Zero 2026, press release 14 July 2026 — the 100 largest tower companies: about four million sites, more than two billion litres of diesel in 2024; renewables 24 % of operator electricity (10 % in 2019); 115 Mt CO₂e; −13 % since 2019

IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets, fact sheet (May 2026) — 698 GW installed in 2025, approaching 3 TW cumulative, about 10.5 % of global electricity demand, utility-scale 59 % of additions

pv magazine, 7 October 2025 — IEA Renewables 2025: 4.6 TW of renewable capacity 2025–2030, about 80 % solar; curtailment rising

IEA, Global EV Outlook 2025 — charging: more than 5 million public charging points end-2024, 1.3 million added in 2024, 2 million fast chargers

European Parliament, Legislative Observatory — Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 (AFIR): applies from 13 April 2024; 15 % of TEN-T with 1 400 kW stations by end-2025; 350 kW pools every 60 km by 2030

holoin.ai — what HOLOIN reads, its protocols and the verified device models; the Solution design page’s device pills are built from holoin.ai’s facts file, https://holoin.ai/site-facts.json

US Food and Drug Administration, FSMA Final Rule on Requirements for Additional Traceability Records for Certain Foods (content current as of 8 October 2026) — firms that hold foods on the Food Traceability List keep Key Data Elements for Critical Tracking Events, cooling among them, and provide the records to the FDA within 24 hours of a request; Congress directed the FDA not to enforce the rule before 20 July 2028

Regulation (EU) 2024/573 of 7 February 2024 on fluorinated greenhouse gases, Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 2024/573, 20 February 2024 (read through the EU Publications Office) — Article 13(5): from 1 January 2032, the use of the gases listed in Annex I with a global warming potential of 750 or more for the maintenance or servicing of stationary refrigeration equipment, with the exclusion of chillers, is prohibited; not for military equipment, equipment designed to cool products below −50 °C or to cool nuclear power stations, nor for reclaimed or recycled gases

Guidelines of 5 November 2013 on Good Distribution Practice of medicinal products for human use, 2013/C 343/01 (read through the EU Publications Office) — 3.2.1: an initial temperature mapping exercise on the storage area before use, under representative conditions; monitoring devices positioned where the mapping found the extremes; the mapping repeated after a risk assessment or a significant modification

Commission Regulation (EC) No 37/2005 of 12 January 2005 on the monitoring of temperatures in the means of transport, warehousing and storage of quick-frozen foodstuffs (read through the EU Publications Office) — Article 2: suitable recording instruments monitoring the air temperature at frequent and regular intervals; from 1 January 2006 conforming to EN 12830, EN 13485 and EN 13486; dated records kept for at least one year

Council Directive 89/108/EEC of 21 December 1988 on quick-frozen foodstuffs for human consumption (read through the EU Publications Office) — Article 5: the temperature must be stable and maintained, at all points in the product, at −18 °C or lower, with possibly brief upward fluctuations of no more than 3 °C during transport; tolerances up to 3 °C in local distribution and retail display cabinets

Global Cold Chain Alliance, 2020 Global Cold Storage Capacity Report (10 August 2020) — refrigerated warehouse capacity worldwide 719 million cubic metres in 2020, 16.7 % greater than in 2018, from data on 51 countries

FAO newsroom, "Amid food and climate crises, investing in sustainable food cold chains crucial" (12 November 2022), FAO’s release of the joint UNEP–FAO report Sustainable Food Cold Chains — the loss of 526 million tonnes of food production for lack of refrigeration, 12 per cent of the global total; the food cold chain about four per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions